For consumer natural: IAC Campinas, AGF-80, Sequoia and IAC Princesa Isabel;
For consumption fresh or frozen: Chandler, Dover, Oso Grande, Korona, Toyonoka and Reiko, the two most demanding recent cold;
Especially for freezing: IAC Guarani;
With potential for cultivation: Cruz, Florida Belle, Korona, Pajaro, Raritan, Fern and Selva;
Possible for ornamental use (vessels): Santana, Tristar and Fragaria vesca.
How to Plant Strawberry: Climate and Soil
Fern, Selva and Tristar cultivars are insensitive to photoperiod; F. vesca is long days; the others mentioned are short day. Temperature above 30 ° C inhibits the flowering and stimulates the production of stolons.
Frost damage flowers and fruits, especially the immature not protected by the leaves.
The vegetative growth occurs from 9 ° C. The strawberry develops best in medium textured soils without excessive moisture and organic matter.
As Strawberry Planting: Planting Season
Seedling production: from September to November.
Fruit production: it depends on the climate of the region of cultivation, ranging from early February to late April; the staggered planting (until June), in cold regions, allows extending the harvest of fruits of better quality, obtained the first flowerings.
How to Plant Strawberry: Spacing and Seedling Required
Production of seedlings: Between 1.5 and 3.5 m2 per matrix, yielding 75-150 seedlings per square meter for most cultivars.
Fruit production: 30 x 30 to 35cm, and the plants arranged in square or staggered, in beds with 2-4 rows, depending on the size of cultivar and humidity on site. They are used 65-80 seedlings per hectare, in accordance with the spacing and carriers used area.
How to Plant Strawberry: Seedling Production
Must be distinct activity in fruit production, involving the production of dies in greenhouse (best with plastic wrap cover) and the multiplication of matrices in the field.
Propagate in greenhouse only free clones of viruses. Adopt propagation system in trays or containers, without direct contact with the ground, using substrate or compound chemically fumigated or heat.
Maintain strict phytosanitary control and take steps to prevent mixture of cultivars. Carry out field multiplication of hillside land, away at least 300m from other batches of strawberry. Use plots fallow or cultivated with legumes or grasses, for two years or more.
Specialized nurseries, registered and supervised by the Secretariat of Agriculture and Supply, have been producing most of the seedlings consumed in São Paulo, however, many fruit growers produce seedlings that use.
The Agronomic Institute has provided basic arrays of virus-free strawberry since 1967. Cooperatives and private companies, some using in vitro microprogação have produced arrays.
As Strawberry Planting: Planting Technique
Plots of 20 to 50 cm, depending on the soil texture (greater for heavy), and typically 1.2 m wide, 4 rows of plants. Seedlings are usually sold bare-root and planted directly in the fruits of production sites. The enviveiramento in beds for 30 days or establishment in containers, decreases the death of seedlings transplantation and provides earlier harvests. Planting is manual.
Use beds level, channels to drain rainwater and lining of internal carriers with dry grass.
How to Plant Strawberry: Liming and Fertilization
Make liming and fertilizing based on soil analysis. To apply lime to raise the base saturation of 80% and the minimum Mg content in the soil 9 mmol / dm3.
In the production of seedlings, for average fertility of soil, applying 750 kg / ha of P2O5. In the pit, apply 10g of N, 35g P2O5 and 20g of K2O.
In the production of strawberries, make fertilizer before planting in beds 25-30 days before transplanting the seedlings: 15-30 t / ha of corral manure or 1/4 the amount of chicken manure, 40 kg / ha N, 300 to 900 kg / ha of P2O5 and 100 to 400 kg / ha K2O.
Apply potassium, preferably in the form of potassium sulphate. In cover, applying 180 kg / ha N and 90 kg / ha K2O, parceling on 6 month, spaced one month application, the first being at the beginning of flowering. The K and Ca favor the firmness of the fruit.
Apply micronutrients due to the need of plants, most from July (2nd bloom) using spraying Products: Boric acid (5-15 g / 100 liters of water, outside the flowering period using 50-150 g) zinc sulphate (100 to 200g) and copper sulphate (250 to 500g).
How to Plant Strawberry: Disease Control and Pest
The use of healthy seedlings is basic to the virus control, fungi, bacteria, nematodes and even some pests such as the stunting of the mite. In São Paulo, the use of sound basic matrices virtually guarantees the production of virus-free seedlings.
Some diseases, such as spot-the-leaves, and pests such as aphids and foot-washing ant, can usually be controlled chemically. Attention should be given to the worm screw in transplantation, to the striped mite in high temperature periods and fruit rot during rainy periods.
For important fungal diseases, such as "chocolate", "black flower", Verticillium wilt and rot Phytophthora, adopt preventive measures: treatment by soaking seedlings with fungicides, planting in uncontaminated soil or disinfected, soil moisture control ( irrigation and drainage), balanced fertilizer use (avoid excess nitrogen), removal and destruction of affected plants.
This last measure should be applied rigorously to the angular leaf spot (Xanthomonas fragariae) in order to eradicate the causal bacteria.
Crop rotation, soil disturbance and solarization are complementary measures for soil fungi and nematodes. Sprinkler irrigation can help to control spider mite. Use chemicals carefully, especially as the grace period.
In order to avoid the appearance of resistant forms, alternate products with different active ingredients, among registered for strawberry in São Paulo:
• insecticides: abamectin, carbaryl, dimethoate, fenpropathrin, malathion, mevinphos, naled and dichlorvos;
• fungicides: benomyl, captan, dodine, sulfur, fluazinam, folpet, copper hydroxide, iprodione, mancozeb + thiophanate methyl, copper oxychloride, copper oxychloride + mancozeb, procymidone, thiophanate methyl and thiram;
• Acaricides: cyhexatin, sulfur, fenpropathrin, naled and propargite. Other registered products: metaldeyde (molluscicides baits to control slugs), methyl bromide and dazomet (disinfestation sites or substrates).
Use ground cover of fruit production sites with plastic sheet (black controls weeds), chopped wood strips or rice husks. Making excessive thinning sheets for aeration of the plants.
How to Plant Strawberry: Irrigation and Crop
Irrigation: Critical periods occur early after transplantation, the formation of buds, flowering and fruiting. During the harvest, irrigate every 2 days, in the capacity field. Excess moisture in the plant hampers pollination.
Harvest: The start depends on the climate of the region, ranging from April (Piedade, cultures of "knuckles" or "tiguera"), May (Atibaia / Jundiaí) to June (warmer climates) and may extend until December, peaking in August and September. It is done manually, the harvest time "mature" for industrial purposes or "1/2 to 3/4 ripe" for marketing in nature. Six fixed people per hectare and six at peak harvest is needed.
Normal Productivity: 30-35 t / ha, reaching over 60 t / ha (800 g / plant).
How to Plant Strawberry: Rotation and Marketing
Rotation: Cereals and legumes for green manure. It has been profitable the lettuce cultivation, squash or beets (in this Piedade), after the strawberry due to the high price of the products in summer, use of fertilizer waste, beds and hand labor.
Commercialization: In Caixetas (bowls) of cardboard or expanded polystyrene (styrofoam), with capacity between 250 and 800g. The fruits are usually arranged in rows, in one or two layers. To noblest market already using transparent plastic caixeta and cover.
Classification is by size, being "extra" above 14g and "first" from 6 to 14. For industrial use fruit is packed loose in wooden crates with 5 kg. The conservation of the fruit is favored in cold storage at 2 ° C and 90% relative humidity or atmosphere with 20% carbon dioxide (CO2); with plastic film packaging cover slows slows the deterioration to retain CO2 produced by fruit.
Source: Whole Fruit
Image: FreeDigitalPhotos.net
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